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1. Seligman has found that animals who are exposed to aversive events that they cannot escape may develop:
a. bipolar disorder.
b. neurosis.
c. learned helplessness.
d. reaction formation.
2. In Rodin and Langer's study, nursing-home residents in the experimental group were encouraged to make small decisions about their daily routine; the control group residents were not. Over time, the results showed that:
a. the control group became more passive.
b. the experimental group became more cooperative and sociable.
c. the control group reported less satisfaction with life.
d. all of the above occurred.
3. Brad's therapist has suggested that his depression stems from a feeling of loss symbolizing his childhood fears that his father did not love him. Evidently, BradĄs therapist is working within the __________ perspective.
a. biological
b. cognitive
c. Freudian
d. learning
4. In Seligman's studies, dogs learned to jump over a barrier to escape an electric shock. In terms of learning theory, the dogs' jumping was maintained by:
a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. secondary reinforcement.
5. When a warning light comes on, a dog jumps across a barrier and evades the delivery of a painful electric shock. This is an example of:
a. escape conditioning.
b. conditioned suppression.
c. avoidance learning.
d. discrimination learning.
6. Which of the following is not true concerning depression?
a. Depression is more common now than it was at mid-century.
b. Depression is more common in men than in women.
c. Depression runs in families.
d. People suffering from major depression have abnormally low levels of certain neurotransmitters.
7. Which of the following is not a common symptom of major depression?
a. lack of energy
b. poor appetite
c. sleeplessness
d. mania
8. Two neurotransmitters that are abnormally low in the brains of depressed persons are:
a. epinephrine and acetylcholine.
b. norepinephrine and serotonin.
c. epinephrine and serotonin.
d. norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
9. According to Sigmund Freud, depression is:
a. an inherited disease.
b. a reaction to a current loss that symbolizes the loss of a parent or the love of a prent.
c. the persistence of normal reactions to unpleasant events.
d. a learned reaction to unavoidable unpleasant events.
10. For the past six months, Juwan has complained of feeling worthless, having no energy, and being unable to sleep. Juwan may be diagnosed as suffering from:
a. major depression.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. schizophrenia.
d. learned helplessness.
11. Researchers have found that children separated from their mothers sometimes develop depressive symptoms. This evidence is consistent with the theory of depression advanced by:
a. Lenore Radloff.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Martin Seligman.
d. Rene Spitz.
12. The key factor in diagnosing major depression is:
a. the presence of depressive symptoms.
b. the presence of cyclical mood swings.
c. a family history of depression.
d. the frequency and severity of symptoms, and whether they can be traced to objective, external events.
13. In Martin Seligman's study of learned helplessness, one group of dogs quickly learned to jump over a barrier to escape an electric shock. A second group failed to learn and passively accepted the painful shocks. What was different about the group that failed to learn the escape behavior?
a. They had abnormally low brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
b. They had been separated from their mothers at birth.
c. They previously had been strapped into a hammock and given inescapable shocks at random intervals.
d. They had been selectively bred.
14. Recently, Seligman's theory has been expanded to recognize that the critical factor in learned helplessness may be:
a. the attributions that people make to explain unpleasant events.
b. a history of unrelenting stress early in life.
c. exposure to repeated, inescapable stressful events.
d. a genetic predisposition toward depression.
15. The gender difference in the prevalence of depression has been attributed to the fact that:
a. women often have less control over their environment than men do.
b. men have more sources of stress in their lives than women do.
c. hormonal differences in women and men influence the levels of key neurotransmitters.
d. each of the above is true.
16. In Martin Seligman's study of learned helplessness, the dogs that were able to avoid the electric shock had learned:
a. that the electric shock was presented after fixed time intervals.
b. that the light signaled the onset of the electric shock.
c. to watch the experimenter to determine when the electric shock would be applied.
d. to stay in compartment B because the electric shock was applied only when they were in compartment A.
17. Recently, Seligman's theory has been expanded to recognize that the critical factor in learned helplessness may be:
a. the attributions that people make to explain unpleasant events.
b. a history of unrelenting stress early in life.
c. exposure to repeated, inescapable stressful events.
d. a genetic predisposition toward depression.
18. In Rodin and Langer's study, the experimental group became more cooperative and sociable because they:
a. were well taken care of by the nursing-home staff.
b. did not have to make any decisions on their own.
c. were allowed to make small decisions about their personal routine.
d. were generally in better health than the other residents.
19. Which of the following is true regarding the cause of depression?
a. Most psychologists contend that depression is a conditioned reponse to repeated negative experiences.
b. Because depression does not run in families, its cause must be cognitive.
c. Most people with major depression do not have symptoms that are serious enough to interfere with their daily lives.
d. Depression is probably the result of an interaction between a genetic predisposition and a particular set of environmental experiences.
20. The therapist believes that the depression Nancy is experiencing stems from many recent negative experiences, which have conditioned her to expect that her future will always be bleak. Evidently, Nancy's therapist is working within the __________ perspective.
a. psychoanalytic
b. cognitive
c. learning
d. biological