Further Reading
Abramson, L., Metalsky, G., & Alloy, L. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based process-oriented sub-type of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
Abramson, L., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49-74.
Albert, M., & Geller, E. S. (1978). Perceived control as a mediator of learned helplessness. American Journal of Psychology, 91, 389-400.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Costello, C. G. (1978). A critical review of Seligman's laboratory experiments on learned helplessness and depression in humans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 21-31.
Langer, E. J. (1983). The psychology of control. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1976). Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105, 3-46.
Miller, I. W., & Norman, W. H. (1981). Effects of attributions for success on the alleviation of learned helplessness and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 113-124.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259-282.
Rodin, J. (1986). Aging and health: Effects of the sense of control. Science, 233, 1271-1276.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: Freeman. [Historical note: In the experiment described in this module, Seligman actually (1) dimmed the light as a warning signal, and (2) used the warning signal on all trials. In an attempt to make the main points of the experiment clearer for students, we chose to describe the warning signal as "turning on a light" instead of dimming the light, and to describe a condition without a warning signal.]
Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1993). What you can change...and what you can't. New York: Fawcett Columbine.